Church of Anthrax is a collaboration between John Cale and Terry Riley, who had worked together in New York in the Sixties, as documented on Cale's 2000 archive release Stainless Steel Gamelan. The record was released in February 1971 by Cale's record company, Columbia Records, nearly a year after the material was recorded.

Although this album captures musical qualities typical to each artist, it is said that neither was satisfied with the final product. John Cale brings a harder edge to Terry Riley's hypnotic stylings, while Riley returns Cale to his experimental roots (including Cage inspired toy piano), without losing focus.

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